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Reproducibility of patterns of stylistic use of phraseological units is crucial to understanding their functioning in discourse. New inimitable instantial forms of phraseological units are created, exploiting existing phraseological units and language patterns. This paper explores extended metaphor in the cognitive stylistic framework as one of the most common stylistic patterns in discourse. Extended metaphor defines as an entrenched pattern of both thought and language, reflecting extended figurative thought. It is a cognitive inference tool, applicable in new figurative thought instantiations. A metaphor can be extended only by extension of its metaphorical image: by creating a metaphorical sub-image or a string of subimages, which relate metonymically by associations of contiguity. Theoretical points on reproducibility of phraseological units and stylistic patterns in new instantiations will be supported by textual illustrations of use of extended phraseological metaphor in discourse ranging from OE to MoE, viewed from a cognitive diachronic perspective. _________________________________________________________________________
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Proverbs form part and parcel of intangible cultural heritage. They are handed down from generation to generation and retained in the collective long-term memory of a people, constituting part of their language and culture. The purpose of this paper is to revisit proverbs and examine some of their essential features in the system of language and in their creative use in discourse from a cross-language and a cross-cultural perspective. This approach calls for semantic and stylistic analyses of empirical material, which I have chosen from my own archive of English and Latvian proverbs. Linguistic examination of proverbs promotes an understanding of their functioning across the broad spectrum of languages and cultures, bringing out similarities in the figurative structure of their base form and their stylistic use in various types of discourse. Cognitive linguistic research on proverbs reveals an infinite diversity of expression of figurative thought: a manifestation of the capacity of the human mind for abstraction and generalisation. The study of figurative meaning of proverbs and its changes in discourse accounts for the uniqueness of their stylistic use in text, which lies in the creativity of the cognitive mind. Stylistic use of the same proverb and the same stylistic pattern yields a different creative form of expression. Novel stylistic instantiations emerge in discourse as a reflection of the development of figurative thought. _________________________________________________________________________
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Creativity in Shakespeare’s writing is beyond doubt. My aim is to explore novelty in the stylistic use of phraseological units. How grounded are statements in research and dictionaries that affirm that a good many phraseo¬logical units were created by Shakespeare? Dictionary attestations, develop¬ment trends of English phraseology and a cognitive insight enable me to conclude that many of these allegations of authorship are hasty. They require etymological proof and call for exploration. These assertions are frequently due to faulty attribution. The alleged origin of to make someone’s hair stand on end is Hamlet, though it goes back to the Bible. To wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve (Othello) comes from an old custom. Rhyme or reason (As You Like It) is used by Chaucer. My findings reveal that the true source of Shakespeare’s greatness lies in his sophisticated stylistic use of phraseological units (extended metaphors, puns, allusions): this is the manifestation of his talent and creativity. ________________________________________________________________________
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My aim is to explore proverbs from a cognitive linguistic point of view. Proverbs are stable figurative language units; they form part of the collective long-term memory of a nation. In the cognitive view, proverbs arise from figurative thought; they are linguistic manifestations of figurative thought, either in core use or instantial stylistic use. What is the stylistic potential of proverbs in their base form? What features are in common to stylistic use of proverbs, despite their admirable infinite diversity in different types of discourse over centuries? Innumerable stylistic changes in discourse testify not only to their diachronic stability but also to their stylistic stability, which is manifest in the preservation of the same image and type of figurativeness both in the system of language and in actual use. The functioning of proverbs presents a great variety of patterns of stylistic use, which form part of the language system and are hence reproducible (e.g., extended metaphor, metonymy, pun, allusion and others). These stylistic patterns are used not only in verbal discourse but also in visual representation where the verbal and the visual function together in instantial stylistic use. As figurative thought motivates stylistic use, it is the cognitive processes that determine stylistic changes of proverbs in discourse. Cognitive access to the base form of the proverb and knowledge of the pattern provide for the perception, identification and interpretation of the semantic and stylistic subtleties of the new instantiation that has emerged in discourse. ________________________________________________________________________
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Translation of phraseological terms is a new area of research both in the theory of phraseology and translation studies. It calls for comprehension of the basic tenets of phraseology, including figurative meaning as a categorial feature, and comprehension of metaphorical conceptualisation: the relationship between metaphor and thought, the role of metaphor in science, and the function of figurative language in terminology. Most phraseological terms are metaphorical. In the cognitive stylistic view, they are theory constitutive metaphors, an integral part of both scientific theory and the respective term; hence, the importance of preserving metaphor in the target language wherever possible. A cognitive approach to phraseological terms is a tool to recognise metaphor as a technique of abstract reasoning in the formation of terminology. Its translation is not merely part of cross-cultural communication; it is a cognitive operation of the mind. Translation of phraseological terms reveals the role of cognitive theory in translation practice. _________________________________________________________________________
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Visual representation of a phraseological image is of stylistic and cognitive interest as it brings out the creative aspects of the verbal and the visual in multimodal discourse. A cognitive approach to the instantial stylistic use of phraseological units1 (PUs) focuses on their perception, comprehension, and interpretation. In a visual representation, the process of creating a mental picture in one's mind relies on close ties between the visual and the verbal, and knowledge of the political, socio-cultural, and semiotic implications. Visual representation performs a semantic and stylistic function: it enhances and interprets the image of a metaphorical PU, and creates new meaning. It stretches our imagination and sustains figurative thought. Thus, phraseological metaphor exists not only in thought and language; it also exists in visual representation and its perception. _________________________________________________________________________
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The paper explores metaphorical traces within the cognitive linguistic framework and examines metaphorical networks in language, created by a cultural concept or a social event. In the cognitive view, our thinking, perception and experiences are basically metaphorical, which determines the interrelationship between thought, culture and language in the process of conceptualisation, resulting in a metaphorical representation in the human mind and its expression in language. Figurative language does not only reflect everyday individual or collective vision, but also testifies to past events, our values, beliefs and attitudes. Most of the abstract notions, phenomena and events are mapped in language in terms of metaphors. Many conceptual metaphors may be traced back to more ancient or recent periods, they may disappear altogether or may change their meaning in the course of evolution. The paper analyses the Latvian concept gaismas pils (castle/palace of light) and metaphors based on the concept “light”. It also illustrates nonlinguistic realisation of metaphor in social-cultural practice. Metaphor creation is examined on the basis of the Latvian conceptual metaphor LABUMS IR SAULE (goodness is the sun), covering a span since time immemorial up to the present day. The established conceptual metaphor generates concrete linguistic metaphors (both lexical and phraseological), which can be traced back to the original concept that has developed, securing diachronic conceptual continuity. New linguistic metaphors emerge in the evolution of the conceptual metaphor. The image of the sun has evolved into a cultural symbol; it is part of Latvian cultural heritage and the Latvian mindset. _________________________________________________________________________
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This paper is an attempt to have a closer look at the non-rational in the stylistic use of language. These cases are not logical fallacies, which violate the rules of logic and which are merely seen as errors in reasoning to be avoided in argumentation. My aim is to examine cognitive acts, which do not follow the cannons of logic, but at the same time are seen as acts of creativity, challenging the neutral standard forms of language expression. The use of the non-rational streak for a stylistic effect has been a long-standing tradition in the English language, which is manifest in many types of British folk wisdom: riddles, shaggy-dog stories, limericks and others. The non-rational lies at the basis of the whole genre of English Children's Nonsense Literature, providing the inimitable flavour of a unique topsy-turvy world and creating uncommon nonsense. The skilful use of the non-rational is one of the subtleties of thinking in English. The tradition of the stylistic use of the non-rational is alive in English today, both in literary and media discourses, including such applied areas as advertising. _________________________________________________________________________
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My approach to the issues of the translation of figurative terminology is based on the findings of cognitive science about the role of metaphor in language and thought, and my own translation and interpreting experience. The developments in the translation of metaphorical terminology in Latvian show that there is a clear trend to demetaphorise metaphorical terms. However, metaphor plays a constitutive role in framing a concept, it is a basic technique of reasoning that is also manifest in terminology. The replacement of a metaphorical term results in a different, non-metaphorical conceptualization. It is not justified as it severs associations, inhibits the perception and the recognition of the term and hence hinders its back translation and interpreting. _________________________________________________________________________
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In discourse a phraseological unit may extend across sentence boundaries, constituting a continuity. The sustainability of a phraseological unit is the spread of its image in the interrelated web of discourse. A sustained phraseological image provides for the semantic and stylistic cohesion of the text. My aim is to ascertain sustainability as one of the basic concepts of the stylistic use of phraseological units and prove that a sentence-bound approach and thinking fail to account for sustained figurative use. The analysis is based on D.H. Lawrence's short story “Rawdon's Roof”. As the story unfolds, the phraseological unit under one's roof appears sixteen times, undergoing creative changes and acquiring new associations and figurative ties in discourse. It first appears in core use while further in the text new patterns emerge – puns and extended metaphors, subtly interwoven with reiteration of the image-bearing constituent roof or the whole phraseological unit, which becomes the key image by force of sustained reference to it. It is also used in the title, lending an overtone and spanning the boundaries of the short story. Sustained figurative use calls for enhanced cognitive skills of perception, comprehension and interpretation. _________________________________________________________________________
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The paper deals with the creative aspects of textual and visual saturation in a multimodal discourse. It explores the benefits of the cognitive approach to the stylistic aspects of language in use and focuses on perception and comprehension of the textual and the visual. The perception of an image, whether it is lexical or phraseological, is a cognitive process, which creates a mental picture in one's imagination, a kind of visualisation in one's mind's eye. A visual representation of the image serves to create a new mode of narrative, which is both visual and textual. Comprehension and interpretation rely on the ties between the visual and the verbal, as well as the knowledge of the sociocultural background and the symbolic implications. The visual representation of instantial stylistic use of phraseological units has a semantic function: it enhances and interprets the image, creates a new meaning and sustains figurative thought.
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This paper explores the issue of the translation of metaphorical terms, which is directly connected with the significance of metaphor in thinking, language and cognition. What role do metaphors play in science and terminology? Why do metaphors appear in terms? The reasons are cognitive. The pragmatic difficulty, however, lies in the translator's choice: to preserve the metaphor or not to preserve it in the term in the TL (in this case in Latvian). Metaphor in translation has not been widely researched and it still remains a challenging and a controversial area. There are a number of factors, which make the translation of metaphorical terms difficult. Among them are the complex nature of figurative language, the traditional concept of a term and the patterns of thought and culture in the TL. _________________________________________________________________________
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This paper explores cohesion as one of the basic theoretical concepts in phraseology alongside with stability and figurativeness. Cohesion of the base form derives from phraseological meaning and the organization of the unit. When used in discourse, the intrinsic properties of the phraseological unit contribute to text formation. Cohesion is not only a semantic means. Cohesion is also a stylistic relation. Phraseological cohesion is an essential feature of the progressive development of text, as it secures continuity of phraseological ties in discourse. Sustained stylistic use of a phraseological unit enhances the perception of the text as a cohesive and coherent entity. _________________________________________________________________________
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This article explores the stylistical use of phraseological units in literary discourse. A phraseological unit may extend across sentence boundaries and even large stretches of text, creating a continuity, a web of unique interrelationships of figurative and direct meanings, and associative links. Sustained discoursal use of a phraseological unit contributes to the perception of the text as a cohesive and coherent entity. Failure to identify stylistic use will be to the detriment of inference and interpretation, and hence a semantic and stylistic loss. The article also considers the implications of a discourse-based approach to phraseological units in teaching and learning. The exploration of the discoursal potential of phraseological units is of immediate relevance to the studies of language and literature as an area of applied stylistics. Teaching stylistic use helps to disclose the cognitive processes of the mind in creative thinking. It can lead to significant gains in stylistic awareness which involves a conscious perception and understanding of: significant changes in the base form and meaning of the phraseological unit, associative links and their networks, stylistic cohesive ties in the text and the creation of a new meaning in discourse. Key words hraseological unit, base form, core use, instantial stylistic use, pattern, stylistic awareness, applied stylistics. _________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________ Should you have any enquiries or suggestions concerning my area of research, do not hesitate to e-mail me: naciscione.anita[at]gmail.com. |
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